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The was an rebellion of Japanese peasants, most of them Christianity, during the
Tokugawa Shogunate in 1637–1638.
The rebellion
Rebellion broke out on
December 17,
1637, when peasants rose against their
daimyo Matsukura Shigeharu. Most rebels were Japanese converted to Christianity, but a primary reason for the revolt was the very heavy
taxation burden; many rebels took the mantle of Christianity later.
The rebellion included up to 23,000 peasants and ronin, including many women, from the
Shimabara Peninsula and the nearby Amakusa Islands, under the leadership of
Amakusa Shiro (also named Masuda Tokisada) who used the Christian name
Jerome. Both areas had been under the rule of the previous Christian daimyo Konishi Yukinaga.
Terazawa Katataka, governor of
Nagasaki, Nagasaki, dispatched an army of 3,000 samurai to Amakusa but rebels defeated them on
December 27,
1637, with 2,800 casualties. Survivors retreated to Nagasaki and the governor asked the
shogunate for reinforcements. However, in battle on January 3, 1638, shogunate warriors defeated the rebels who lost about 1,000. They retreated to Shimabara.
On the Shimabara peninsula, rebels first besieged Shimabara Castle and later took over Hara Castle, which had been abandoned some decades earlier.
beheaded by rebelling Christians.
Katataka had already left for Shimabara on
January 2 with 500 samurai and gathered 800 more from Omura. They made camp half a mile from Shimabara Castle. They commenced artillery fire from cannons commandeered from Japanese and China vessels.
They then requested aid from a The Netherlands merchant vessel to bombard the Hara fort from the sea. Koekebakker, head of the Dutch trading station on Hirado provided the services on the one ship he had in harbour: the
Rijp. He put about 20 batteries on shore, manned by about 100 men, and also fired his cannons from the
Rijp. These guns fired about 425 rounds in the space of 15 days, without great result, and two Dutch lookouts were shot by the rebels. The ship withdrew at the request of the Japanese, following contemptuous messages sent by the rebels to the besieging troops:
"Are there no longer courageous soldiers in the realm to do combat with us, and weren't they ashamed to have called in the assistance of foreigners against our small contingent?" Hendrik Doeff "Recollections of Japan", p26
Shogunate troops arrived but rebels at Hara Castle resisted the siege for months and caused the shogunate heavy losses. Both sides had a hard time fighting in
winter conditions. On
February 3,
1638, a rebel raid killed 2,000 warriors from Hizen including their daimyo. However, they slowly ran out of food, ammunition and other provisions.
On March 10, shogunate forces began to gather in Shimabara and by April there were 37,000 rebels facing 127,000 shogunate soldiers. Desperate rebels mounted an assault against them on
April 4 and were forced to withdraw. Captured survivors revealed the fortress was out of food and gunpowder.
On April 12,
1638, Hizen warriors stormed the fortress and captured the outer defenses. Rebels held out and caused heavy casualties until they were routed on April 15. The Shogunate had lost about 10,000 soldiers, and all 37,000 rebels were killed, including 20,000 women and children.
Aftermath
The shogunate forces beheaded an estimated 37,000 rebels and sympathizers. Amakusa Shiro's head was taken to Nagasaki and the entire complex at Hara Castle was burned to the ground and buried together with the bodies of all the dead.
The shogunate suspected that Western world Catholicism had been involved in spreading the rebellion and Portugal traders were driven out of the country. An already existing ban on the Christian religion was then enforced stringently, and Christianity in Japan survived only by going underground.
On the Shimabara peninsula, most towns experienced a severe to total loss of population as a result of the rebellion. In order to maintain the rice fields and other crops, immigrants were brought from other areas across Japan to resettle the land. All inhabitants were registered with local temples, whose priests were required to vouch for their members' religious affiliation. Following the rebellion, Buddhism was strongly promoted in the area. Certain customs were introduced which remain unique to the area today. Towns on the Shimabara peninsula also continue to have a varied mix of dialects due to the mass immigration from other parts of Japan.
From the end of the rebellion until the 1860s, no major battles took place in Japan. During the next ten generations of the
Edo period, most samurai never fought in combat.
Notes
See also
External links
The was an
rebellion of
Japanese
peasants, most of them
Christianity, during the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1637–
1638.
The rebellion
Rebellion broke out on December 17,
1637, when peasants rose against their
daimyo Matsukura Shigeharu. Most rebels were Japanese converted to Christianity, but a primary reason for the revolt was the very heavy taxation burden; many rebels took the mantle of Christianity later.
The rebellion included up to 23,000 peasants and
ronin, including many women, from the Shimabara Peninsula and the nearby
Amakusa Islands, under the leadership of
Amakusa Shiro (also named Masuda Tokisada) who used the Christian name
Jerome. Both areas had been under the rule of the previous Christian daimyo
Konishi Yukinaga.
Terazawa Katataka, governor of
Nagasaki, Nagasaki, dispatched an army of 3,000 samurai to Amakusa but rebels defeated them on December 27,
1637, with 2,800 casualties. Survivors retreated to Nagasaki and the governor asked the shogunate for reinforcements. However, in battle on January 3,
1638, shogunate warriors defeated the rebels who lost about 1,000. They retreated to Shimabara.
On the Shimabara peninsula, rebels first besieged Shimabara Castle and later took over Hara Castle, which had been abandoned some decades earlier.
beheaded by rebelling Christians.
Katataka had already left for Shimabara on
January 2 with 500 samurai and gathered 800 more from Omura. They made camp half a mile from Shimabara Castle. They commenced artillery fire from cannons commandeered from Japanese and China vessels.
They then requested aid from a The Netherlands merchant vessel to bombard the Hara fort from the sea. Koekebakker, head of the Dutch trading station on
Hirado provided the services on the one ship he had in harbour: the
Rijp. He put about 20 batteries on shore, manned by about 100 men, and also fired his cannons from the
Rijp. These guns fired about 425 rounds in the space of 15 days, without great result, and two Dutch lookouts were shot by the rebels. The ship withdrew at the request of the Japanese, following contemptuous messages sent by the rebels to the besieging troops:
"Are there no longer courageous soldiers in the realm to do combat with us, and weren't they ashamed to have called in the assistance of foreigners against our small contingent?" Hendrik Doeff "Recollections of Japan", p26
Shogunate troops arrived but rebels at Hara Castle resisted the siege for months and caused the shogunate heavy losses. Both sides had a hard time fighting in winter conditions. On
February 3, 1638, a rebel raid killed 2,000 warriors from Hizen including their daimyo. However, they slowly ran out of food, ammunition and other provisions.
On March 10, shogunate forces began to gather in Shimabara and by April there were 37,000 rebels facing 127,000 shogunate soldiers. Desperate rebels mounted an assault against them on
April 4 and were forced to withdraw. Captured survivors revealed the fortress was out of food and gunpowder.
On
April 12,
1638, Hizen warriors stormed the fortress and captured the outer defenses. Rebels held out and caused heavy casualties until they were routed on
April 15. The Shogunate had lost about 10,000 soldiers, and all 37,000 rebels were killed, including 20,000 women and children.
Aftermath
The shogunate forces beheaded an estimated 37,000 rebels and sympathizers. Amakusa Shiro's head was taken to Nagasaki and the entire complex at Hara Castle was burned to the ground and buried together with the bodies of all the dead.
The shogunate suspected that
Western world Catholicism had been involved in spreading the rebellion and
Portugal traders were driven out of the country. An already existing ban on the Christian religion was then enforced stringently, and Christianity in Japan survived only by going underground.
On the Shimabara peninsula, most towns experienced a severe to total loss of population as a result of the rebellion. In order to maintain the rice fields and other crops, immigrants were brought from other areas across Japan to resettle the land. All inhabitants were registered with local temples, whose priests were required to vouch for their members' religious affiliation. Following the rebellion, Buddhism was strongly promoted in the area. Certain customs were introduced which remain unique to the area today. Towns on the Shimabara peninsula also continue to have a varied mix of dialects due to the mass immigration from other parts of Japan.
From the end of the rebellion until the 1860s, no major battles took place in Japan. During the next ten generations of the Edo period, most samurai never fought in combat.
Notes
See also
External links
Shimabara Rebellion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Shimabara Rebellion (島原の乱, Shimabara no ran?) was an uprising of Japanese peasants, most of them Christians, in 1637 – 1638 during the Edo period.
Shimabara - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Shimabara can refer to any of the following: Shimabara, Nagasaki, a city in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan; Shimabara Peninsula, the geographic feature that hosts Shimabara, Nagasaki ...
Shimabara Rebellion, 1637-1638(Japan)
Shimabara Rebellion, 1637-1638(Japan) ... The Shimabara Rebellion broke out on 17 December 1637 as peasants (mainly Christian) rose in revolt against their brutal daimyo or lord ...
Shimabara Rebellion - uprising of Japanese peasants
The Shimabara Rebellion was an uprising of Japanese peasants, many of them Christians, during the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1637-1638.
Shimabara Rebellion definition of Shimabara Rebellion in the Free ...
Encyclopedia article about Shimabara Rebellion. Information about Shimabara Rebellion in the Columbia Encyclopedia, Computer Desktop Encyclopedia, computing dictionary.
Rebellion at Shimabara
Ch 14 - Western Contacts: Rebellion at Shimabara ... Ch 14 - Western Contacts Rebellion at Shimabara Shifting political winds and aggressive missionaries pushed the Tokugawa ...
Shimabara Rebellion -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia
Britannica online encyclopedia article on Shimabara Rebellion: (1637–38), uprising of Japanese Roman Catholics, the failure of which virtually ended the Christian movement in ...
Shimabara Rebellion: Information and Much More from Answers.com
Shimabara Rebellion (1637 – 38) In Japanese history, last major uprising against Tokugawa rule until the 1860s
Shimabara Rebellion: Information and Much More from Answers.com
Shimabara Rebellion ID : 4790 DATE : 2006-12-17 TYPE : HISTORY TITLE : Shimabara Rebellion DESCRIPTION : Japanese peasant uprising began
INEX: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Shimabara Rebellion)
Ruins of the Hara fortress The Shimabara Rebellion (ja: 島原の乱, shimabara no ran ) was an uprising of Japan ese peasants, many of them Christians , during the ...
